【学習院・経済】

大問１

1   I remember my first boss at J. Walter Thompson, an advertising agency, gave me a big piece of advice with my first raise. He said,  " Congratulations, Mike, but I have to warn you. The richer you get, the more you worry about being poor." He spoke the truth. The more money I had, the more I spent and the more I lived in an anxious mood of always trying to make more. I have known billionaires who wake up each morning with a kind of deep-rooted anxiety. They are afraid their good fortune cannot last. There is no security in money, only greater fear that somehow it could all disappear someday. The more money you have, the more you have to lose, and so the sick fear grows.

2   Money is the easiest drug in a material culture to get addicted to. A big house is also irresistible. For example once you have a huge house you have to make sure you have a big job to pay the loan. Once you have a huge house and a big job you not only fear losing them, you lie awake at night wondering whether you can survive without all the possessions you have gained.

3   Make a list of the things you have sacrificed so much of your time and energy to acquire. Then list the things you actually need to survive. The bare necessities. You will discover that you don't need most of the things you have, and you can live easily (and often are even better off) without them.

4   As humans, we need food on the table and a roof over our heads. But equally, we need family and love. We need to appreciate the world we live in and respect those around us. We don't need fancy clothes, or the fastest car, or the most up-to-date anything. There is a natural and sadly inevitable tendency to become possessed by our possessions. I have discovered the only sure way to avoid that fate: Don't buy more stuff! And get rid of all the stuff you can. As we eagerly fill our lives full to overflowing, I have come to understand a basic fact: Any fool can complicate their lives. It takes a genius to simplify. The best way to simplify: Free yourself from stuff! While many of our possessions may bring us temporary comfort, they inevitably bring burdens as well — the burden of paying for them, of maintaining them, of them getting in the way of our thoughts and our time.

5   Today as I climb the stairs to my little apartment I look forward to what we used to call in advertising "white space." When I open the door to my apartment I see white walls and white plastic furniture. There's a lot of welcome white space.

6   A reporter came to interview me and see the way I lived. First we went to see the home where I had grown up: a twenty-five-room mansion built in a grand style that seemed fit for a king. Then we came back to my little apartment so lacking in expensive furniture or any other stuff.

7   "I have to say something," the reporter told me with a frown, "but not as a reporter. This is not about my newspaper story — this is about the way you live."

"Okay," I said, ready for some profound observation about my life.

"You have to get a sofa!" she announced.

8   No, I don't. No sofa. My life is a lesson that the loss of stuff can bring a new sense of liberty. I feel a whole new sense of freedom from the fear of losing stuff. I also feel free of the literal and figurative* weight of carrying all that stuff. I have found how much fun it can be to travel through life without carrying a lot of luggage.

9  Somehow in recent years we have let the American Dream become defined as an aspiration for possessions. Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness do not mean the greedy desire for more stuff.

10  Tonight my sleep is not weighed down by my fear of losing my possessions. When I wake I know I'll be free of the burden of all that stuff.　(710 words)

大問２

1   Mankind's biological success has been traced back to an unexpected event: the growth of grandmother power. Scientists in America believe that the appearance of long-lived grandmas two million years ago played a crucial role in our evolution.

2   Grandmothers were able to search for roots and vegetables which they could give to their daughters when they were having babies, creating a well-nourished, thriving third generation. "A society developed in which each person had two mothers: a mum and a granny," according to Dr Kristen Hawkes, of the University of Utah. "Thanks to grandmas we became long-lived, large-brained, and evolved the menopause* and high birth rates."

3   This theory of evolution emerged from Dr Hawkes' studies of the Hadza people of Tanzania. She found that the most important factor affecting Hadza children's health is the behaviour of their granny: the more she forages*, the more food she provides for her daughters and grandchildren. "Good foraging grannies mean healthy Hadza kids." Two million years ago, our ancestors were enduring severe ecological problems. Africa's climate was drying up and food became scarce. "Before then, children could get much of their own food, mainly fruit," added Dr Hawkes. "That stopped. Only roots were now available, and these would have been difficult to dig up."

4   At that time, females who were too old to have children would have simply died, as they do in other species. But occasionally one would have lived a little longer. She would have helped her daughters — who were then having their own children — with the difficult business of foraging.

5   These daughters and grandchildren would have thrived, and so the grandmother's genes for long life would have been passed on. Thus the slow rise of elderly women began: grandmas got more and more food for their families; young mothers had less work to do and could divert more physical energy into producing offspring; and kids become better nourished.

6   Indeed, grandmothers became so important that the menopause evolved to stop them having children of their own late in life. Grandchildren became a better investment than children, which helps explain one of the most puzzling features of human biology: the fact that we live long past our reproductive* age. The theory also helps explain why human infants stop breastfeeding much earlier than orangutan and chimpanzee infants, and why humans produce more offspring: the food provided by granny would cut out the need for mother's milk, allowing the mother to give birth to more children.

7   Although the process persists in modern industrial societies, where the grandmother's role is frequently reversed (she often looks after the grandchildren while her daughter goes out to work, the Western equivalent to foraging), one important question remains unexplained by Dr Hawkes' theory. If old women serve a purpose, then what are old men for? (465 words)

大問３

   Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the only man to be elected president four times. FDR, as he was known to almost everyone, had great energy and imagination. He also had an unusual ability to communicate effectively with the American people. Once a week he gave a talk on the radio. Speaking in a friendly, informal way, he told the American people about his most recent ideas and plans. These radio talks were known as "fireside chats" because they made people feel as if they were sitting at home with the president, chatting by the fireplace.

   FDR himself came from an extremely wealthy family that had already produced one president, FDR's distant cousin, Theodore Roosevelt. Though FDR never suffered from poverty, he was well acquainted with personal hardship. At the age of thirty-nine he was stricken with polio, a terrible disease that partly paralyzed his arms and legs. Doctors thought that he was completely disabled and would have to give up his political career. FDR refused to accept their opinion. As he got better he started exercising his upper body, pushing himself against great pain. Gradually he regained control of his arms, and built them up until they were as strong as a boxer's. But his legs did not improve as much. For the rest of his life he could walk and stand only with the help of braces or crutches*. (237 words)

問題到着が2月24日。近年，出発がだんだんと遅くなっており，例年より1週間ほど遅い感じ。それはそれで結構ありがたいです。今年は3年の担当。直前まで前期入試の補習を行っていたので，それが一段落したタイミングで，比較的ゆっくりできました。学習院大学の文法問題は結構良問が多くお世話になることが多いです。長文も穏当だと思いましたが，大問１は７００語と結構な長文。大問２はおばあちゃんに焦点をあてた結構おもしろい英文でした。

【早稲田・商】

【大問１】

   Dr. Lester.  Breslow, a public health leader whose research gave mathematical proof to the notion that people can live longer and healthier by changing habits like smoking, diet and sleep, died Monday at his home in Los Angeles.  He was 97.

   Dr. Breslow's most lauded accomplishment was a study of 6,928 people in Almeda County, California, that examined their  behavior over intervals of 20 years.  It used quantitative analysis to prove that a 45-year-old with at least six of the seven healthy habits Dr.Breslow chose as important had life expectancy 11 years longer than someone with three or fewer

   Over a 70-year career, Dr. Breslow helped expand the very definition of public health, from the historical concentration on communicable diseases to a new concern with individual behavior and the effects of community and environment.  As people lived longer and had more cancer and heart attacks, he was a leader in  emphasizing the mounting  importance of chronic diseases

   In 1969, as president of the American Public Health Association, he said the public health  profession must go beyond issuing scientific reports and suggest social actions to  improve people's lives.  “In the long run, housing may be more important than hospitals to health," he said.  As an official of the California health department in the 1940s and '50s, he did some of the early definitive studies on the harmful effects of smoking.  Three of these studies were cited  in the landmark report in 1964 linking cigarettes to

 But it was the Almeda County study that shook the public health world, because it proved with numbers that behavior indisputably affected longevity.  Its recommendations: do not smoke; drink in moderation; sleep seven to eight hours; exercise at least moderately; eat regular meals; maintain a moderate weight; eat breakfast.

Lester Breslow was born March  17, 1915, in  Bismarck, North Dakota, where his parents had moved to escape the poverty of the Lower East Side of Manhattan.  He graduated from the University of Minnesota Medical School in 1938 with the intention of being a psychiatrist, but he soured on the field while working at a psychiatric hospital in the summer because he doubted much could be done to help the patients.  He shifted to public health, he said, because he thought it suited his ideology as "a political activist for disadvantaged people. "

   After serving as a captain in World War II, he was hired by the California health department as a chronic disease specialist.  After 21 years at the agency, Dr.   Breslow was hired by U. C. L. A.  as dean of the public health school, a post he held for eight years.

   Dr.  Breslow himself did not smoke or drink.  He walked regularly, practiced moderation in all things and enjoyed his vegetable  garden.   (455 words)

(Adapted from The New York Times, April 14, 2012)

【大問３】

   A job after graduation: it's what all parents want for their  kids.  So, what's the smartest way to invest tuition money to make that happen? The question is more (  -f ) than ever.  The future of the economy is still unpredictable, and many graduating students are unable to find jobs that pay well, if they can find jobs at all.  As a result, parents and students have to think through the potential returns from different paths, and pick the one that has the best chance of paying off.  For many, the most lucrative path seems obvious: be practical.  Schools, in turn, are responding with new, specialized courses that  promise to teach skills that students will need on the job, such as a degree in ( A ).

   It all makes sense except for one thing: it probably won't always work.  The trouble is that nobody can predict where the jobs will  be  —not the employers, not the schools, not the government officials who are making such loud calls for vocational training.  The economy is simply too (  ^ ) to  guess way ahead of time.  Choosing the wrong path could make things worse, not better.  So, how should the parents with strong interest in the economic success of their children proceed? What should they weigh as they decide where to put their  limited  ,capital to get the biggest return? Here are some things to consider.

   First and foremost, all students should consider the graduation rates at various schools.  You can pick the perfect school in terms of courses, location, price or atmosphere.  But none of it ( ) a student any good if he or she doesn't end up with a degree.  After all, college improves job prospects only if a student graduates.

   What's more, it is also important to look at how long it takes students to graduate.  Many parents and students don't realize that even top schools differ greatly in their ability to graduate students on time.  Consider the difference between elite private and public universities.  Certain research has found that the private school has a much wider range of support  services—  counseling, tutoring and so  forth— that vastly improve the odds that a student will actually graduate, and will do so in four years. An expensive, private  school  may end up being (    )  if a student doesn't have to be there as long.

   Finally, a crucial point that doesn't get discussed much concerns the danger of specialization.  It may be worse to have the wrong career focus in college than having no career focus — because skills for one career often can't be used elsewhere.  Let's say a student spends four years learning to market pharmaceuticals.  But what can he or she do with that degree if the drug companies aren't hiring? The

   Focusing on a very specific field also means that you miss out on courses that might broaden your abilities.  Courses that teach, say, hospitality management or sports medicine may crowd out a logic class that can help students learn to improve their reasoning or an English class that  sharpens their writing.  Both of those skills can help in any field, unlike the narrowly focused ones.  A narrow educational focus forces students to pick a career at age 17 or 18, before they know much of anything about their interests and abilities.  And if they choose mistakenly, it can be very difficult for them to start over once they're older.

   So, what are the practical lessons for the venture-investor parents and their children? In a nutshell, students that go the practical route should have options to delay choosing majors and specialized courses, so that there is likely to be a better match between course work and employer interests.  Students can rely on real-time information from the career office to estimate demand.  Because of the need to adjust, it also helps to be at a school where switching majors is easy.  Smaller programs with lower tuition may entail limited resources, which in turn means that students may have to stay more than four years to get all the courses that are required for a new  major.  It is always important to reiterate that students and parents should assess the quality of college education and future career development from various perspectives.

(715 words)

(Adapted from The Wall Street  Journal, November 15, 2013)

【大問４】

   If you would like to write better than everybody else, you have to want to write better than everybody else.  You must take an obsessive pride in the smallest details of your craft.  And you must be willing to defend what you've written against editors, agents and publishers, whose sights may be different from yours, whose standards not as high.  Too many writers are pressured into settling for less than their best.

   Which brings us to editors.  Are they friends or enemies? Like everything else, they come in all varieties.  I think with gratitude of a half-dozen editors who sharpened my writing by changing its focus or emphasis, or detecting weakness of logic or structure, or cutting various forms of excess.  Twice I threw out an entire chapter of a book because editors told me it was unnecessary.  But above all I remember those good editors for their generosity.  They had an enthusiasm for whatever project we were trying to bring off together as writer and editor.  Their confidence that I could make it work kept me going.

   What a good editor brings to a piece of writing is an objective eye that the writer has long since lost, and there is no end of ways in which an editor can improve a  manuscript: trimming, clarifying, tidying a  hundred of inconsistencies of tense and pronouns, noticing all the sentences that could be read in two different ways, dividing awkward long sentences into short ones.

   For these acts of salvation, editors can't be thanked deeply enough.  Unfortunately, they can also do, considerable harm.  In general the damage takes two forms:  altering style and altering content.

   A good editor likes nothing better than a text he hardly has to touch.  A bad editor has a compulsion to make unnecessary changes, proving with busywork that he hasn't forgotten the minor points of grammar and usage.  He catches cracks in the road but does not enjoy the scenery.

   Very often it simply doesn't occur to him that a writer is writing by ear, trying to achieve a particular sound, or playing with words just for the pleasure of wordplay.  One of the saddest moments for writers is the one when they realize that their editor has missed the point of what they are trying

   Ideally, the relationship between a writer and an editor should be one of negotiation and trust.  Frequently an editor will make a change to  clarify a vague sentence and will unintentionally lose an important  point  —  a fact or a nuance that the writer included for reasons the editor didn't know about.  In such cases the writer should ask to have his point back.  The editor, if he agrees, should ob.  But he should also insist on his right to fix whatever had been unclear.  The process, in short,)is one in which the writer and the editor proceed through the manuscript together, finding for every problem the solution that best serves the finished article. (493 words)

(Adapted from William Zinsser: On Writing Well, Sixth Edition, 1998)

【大問5】

  Seeing stars? It may be from one header too many.  Following a lawsuit ( A ) in California on Wednesday, there is growing pressure for FIFA — soccer's international governing body — to limit the potential for brain damage from the beautiful game.  The lawsuit claims that FIFA, alongside a number of US soccer organisations, have been negligent in their handling of head injuries.

   Rather than seeking financial compensation, the plaintiffs are asking for the rules of football to be changed to better prevent  concussions' in the  sport.  One proposal is to allow a temporary substitution of an injured player so that he or she can be properly examined.

   The lawsuit comes after some players at this year's  FIFA World Cup in Brazil received little immediate medical treatment following nasty head clashes.  For instance, Uruguay's Alvaro Pereira was left unconscious after his head came into contact with the knee of England's Raheem Sterling during one  match—but he continued to play once he had come round.  In the semi-finals, the Netherlands' Georginio Wijnaldum clashed heads with Argentina's Javier Mascherano, and in the final Germany's Cristoph Kramer played (  B ) for half an hour after suffering a blow to the head.

   Antonio Belli, a surgeon at the University of Birmingham, UK, says that perhaps three serious head injuries could be enough to cause permanent brain  damage.   Some studies suggest that even repeated head-to-ball contact, a normal part of the game,  might lead to  reduced cognitive function, possibly caused by damage to the brain's frontal areas.

 This month, both FIFA and the English Football Association (FA) released statements outlining plans for research into footballing head injuries.  "The World Cup this year probably did the world of concussion in sport a favour, because it's provided a strong incentive for having rules and regulations in place to more effectively manage it," says Craig Ranson, a sports medicine specialist at a university in the  UK.

   FIFA's ongoing research efforts include a study of Swiss football players throughout the 2014-15 season.  Both male and female players received a brain assessment before the season began, and will undergo follow-up examinations should they experience a head  injury- The study could help reveal the long-term effect of head injuries, and when it is safe for an injured player to return to the  game- "The thing to try and work (  C ) is if there is any physical problem with the brain after concussion," says Ranson.

   The FA is taking a longer view.  It has announced plans to research head injuries following a meeting with the family of former player Jeff Astle, who died aged 59 in 2002 from chronic traumatic  encephalopathy — a condition more often seen in boxers.

   Willie Stewart, a doctor at a hospital in Glasgow, UK, diagnosed Astle's condition, and has been in discussions with the FA.  "I'm hoping to work with them to look at the incidence of injury-related diseases in retired footballers," says Stewart.  He says the work can be done relatively quickly and will give an insight into whether this is a big problem.  "Anecdotally, the answer would seem to be yes," Stewart says.

(520 words)

(Adapted from New Scientist, August 29, 2014)

問題は3月5日着。卒業式直後でした。英文そのものの難易度は穏当ですが，4問とも500語超と全て合わせると結構な長さ。内容的には実用的な感じの新聞記事など。理解はしやすいですが，時間内に全て読んで，解答するとなると結構な負担です。

【関西外語】

1   Television, and to some extent radio, use one or two individuals to present the news. The television viewer sees a person who is regarded as trustworthy or hears a radio announcer with a voice that rings with authority. Newspapers and newsmagazines lack this element of personality and instead must depend on the printed word. Television news commentators are often highly paid public celebrities. Some TV newscasters are not reporters at all; they are announcers with a favorable public image. Newspaper editors are seldom recognized on the street and rarely become celebrities.

2   Television can present a strong visual image. A written news story about poverty will probably make less of an impression on a reader than a powerfully filmed story of a starving family. A live telecast of some important happening is far more memorable and emotionally powerful than a series of printed words in the newspaper. Television news is at its best when it can show what is happening as it happens — cameras in outer space, congressional hearings, wars, disasters, and sports. But the national networks require events of great national interest before they will preempt regularly scheduled programs for a live telecast.

3   Another form of network news that is almost as powerful as a live telecast is the documentary. These network specials have included in-depth programs on topics such as poverty, AIDS, terrorism, racial conflict, pollution, drug abuse, and other topics of vital concern. Such documentaries are usually produced by one of the three networks for nationwide broadcast, but some are done by individual stations on topics of local concern. Documentaries are expensive to produce and invariably lose money for the networks. Although they do rather poorly in the ratings, they are still seen by millions of people and sometimes have a noticeable effect on governmental agencies and future legislation. It is in these documentaries that television is at its best in providing in-depth news coverage. A one- or two-hour documentary can give the depth lacking in the evening news as well as present powerful visual images to influence opinions.

4   For the majority of viewers, TV news is the evening network news or cable's CNN. A television newscast permits less viewer selectivity than a newspaper gives its readers. A newspaper reader scans the headlines first and reads complete stories only if the headline promises a story of particular interest. Television news is usually watched in its entirety. The TV viewer is not as free to select which items he or she will watch. Older Americans find TV news difficult because they had not been subjected to serious news until the mid-fifties, when networks began to develop serious news programs. Before that, people read daily newspapers. They read the sports page, the comics page; they glanced at the front page. If people didn't want to read about an ax murder, they didn't have to read about it. If they didn't want to read about the race problem, they didn't have to read about the race problem. Then came television, and in order to see any news you pretty much have to see it all. It's a very brutal way to get the news. You can either accept the news that comes from the tube or turn it off completely. You can't pick and choose.

5   Another unique quality of television is that the presence of film or TV cameras at an event can change what happens there. In the presence of a camera, we all become actors; and the TV news becomes a stage on which we can act out our viewpoint. Some members of Congress objected to the idea of television for congressional hearings on the grounds that the presence of TV cameras would create a "circus" atmosphere. Such fears turned out to be groundless, but the TV camera does have far more effect than a newspaper reporter with a notepad or even a radio reporter with a small tape recorder and microphone. Many states still forbid cameras in courtrooms.

6   Still another aspect of television news, not shared by the other media, is that a person who looks and sounds believable can influence viewers' opinions. The same person's statement in print might be far less convincing. However, the opposite can also be true. This importance of the "image" a person can project over television has become an important factor in political campaigns.

7   For the most up-to-the-minute, quickest, and most frequent news, no medium currently does better than radio. Many stations carry news every 30 minutes; most, every hour, and large cities are served by one or more "all news" stations. Radio is available anywhere in the country, thanks to transistors and radios that have become standard equipment in automobiles. Using a telephone, a radio station can present news almost as it happens. A newspaper has to wait at least until the next edition, and television has to wait (with the exception of special bulletins) until the next evening news broadcast. Radio serves the nation more as a headline service.

8   The ability of television to provide up-to-date evening newscasts has caused a decline in the number of evening edition newspapers. The decline began in 1977, and, during 1988 alone, 27 cities lost their daily evening newspaper. The physical problems associated with publishing a newspaper make the news at least a few hours old by the time the paper hits the street. But of all the news media, newspapers offer the reader the greatest variety and the greatest personal choice. Each newspaper reader is his or her own editor, selecting the news that he or she thinks is important and ignoring what is not. Newspapers have been in the news business far longer than any of the electronic media and have the most people working on gathering and writing the news. Newspapers and newsmagazines provide the most in-depth reporting, while radio and television (with the exception of documentaries) go into comparatively little detail. The newsmagazines often provide the most detail about national stories but are a few days or a week behind the newspaper in getting the news to the readers.

到着は3月18日。関西外語は長文はこれ1題だけ。内容的にも列挙，対比と読みやすい感じでした。

【愛知】

大問１

I have just returned from a cultural diplomacy activity in Rome. My destination this time was ROMICS, the largest event in Italy to introduce pop culture from Japan as well as other countries. The event is held twice a year, attracting about 100,000 visitors each time.

This visit was particularly fruitful for the interview I was able to conduct with an anime fan in his 40s. My interviewee’s name is Massimiliano (I didn’t ask his family name) and his first influential encounter with Japanese anime—at around 9 years old—was “Kotetsu Jigu” (Steel Jeeg), originally created by popular manga artist Go Nagai.

Nagai, known for manga and anime such as “UFO Robot Grendizer,” “Mazinger Z” and “Devilman,” continues to enjoy fame in Italy even now.

Go Nagai’s creations enjoy great popularity at ROMICS.

At ROMICS, Nagai’s popularity is considerable. Italian editions of titles such as “Mazinger Z” and “Devilman,” which appeared to have been published recently, were on sale in prominent, eye-catching locations together with ongoing popular manga such as “ONE PIECE.”

A veritable torrent of Japanese anime began to flow onto TV screens worldwide around the 1970s. At that time many new TV stations were being established overseas. Japanese anime, with its absence of immediate national identity, was quite convenient for schedulers looking to fill broadcast slots. Another significant motivation was the low prices at which rights to broadcast Japanese anime could be purchased.

As a consequence, these early exports became pioneers as viewers around the world became happily absorbed in Japanese anime programs, their style fundamentally distinct from the animations of Walt Disney and others. Their enduring popularity is self-evident even today.

“When I first saw ‘Steel Jeeg,’ I was very impressed,” Massimiliano said. “As the animation had quite a new and different style from those I had seen previously, I was frozen in front of the TV, thinking, ‘What the world is this?’”

Massimiliano continued: “Children of the same generation soon became absorbed in Japanese robot animation programs. First of all, it was a great story concept to feature a normal boy teaming up with a robot to become a great hero. Children in Italy at that time each had their own favorite robot anime—divided into factions that followed ‘Steel Jeeg,’ ‘Grendizer’ or ‘Mazinger Z,’ for instance, which are all Nagai’s creations.”

As anime opening and ending theme songs, as well as end-title rolls, were broadcast in Japanese, without being replaced with Italian adaptations, Italian kids at that time understood the shows were Japanese.

Meanwhile, in countries like France, opening and ending theme songs as well as even the titles of anime shows were replaced as though they had been made in those countries.

“In Italy, I think many boys and girls came to know the existence of a country named Japan for the first time through Japanese anime. For people like me, the image of Japan at that time was a country with advanced technology,” Massimiliano told me.

Whether decades ago or in the present day, children in other countries start to learn about Japanese society through Japanese anime. That Japanese anime is so comprehensive, including everything from cuisine to the social fabric of the country, is one contributing factor. Heroes and heroines who fight evil enemies have everyday lives just like those watching the programs. They go to school. They fall in love.

“Girls of my generation were absorbed in girls anime such as ‘Candy Candy’ and ‘Majokko Megu-chan’ (Little Meg the witch girl),” said Massimiliano, who often visits Japan.

“Half of the purpose of my Japan visits is to collect anime-related goods in Tokyo’s Akihabara district and Nakano Ward. The other half is to go around temples and shrines.”

He said watching Japanese anime revives sweet childhood memories for him.

“For me, collecting cels from my favorite anime is something like collecting my childhood memories. I feel a sense of loss that it has recently become difficult to get them,” he said.

Nowadays, years on from the days of celluloid anime, most anime programs do not use cel images.

“I’m very proud of being an otaku, and very happy to be called the ‘first generation.’ Furthermore, I’ll be even happier when I’m told by Japanese people when I visit Japan, ‘It’s like you’re Japanese,’” Massimiliano said.

The sharp rise of Japanese anime’s popularity is not a recent phenomenon. Today’s young anime enthusiasts are second- and third-generation fans of the Japanese format.

“When Mr. Nagai came to an event in Naples, I got his autograph. I couldn’t stop my whole body from trembling with the excitement when I finally got to meet him,” Massimiliano said.

In Japan, some people say that Japanese anime’s prestige throughout the world rose sharply in the recent decade. However, its popularity has in fact been gradually building upon the original levels of excitement and shock experienced by boys and girls in the 1970s like Massimiliano.

(The next installment will appear May 10.)

Sakurai is a content producer using events and seminars to engage in “pop culture diplomacy.” Follow Takamasa Sakurai at http://twitter.com/sakuraitakamasa

http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0001221912

大問２

Finding the perfect gift is supposed to be a matter of instinct — tapping into our intuitions about the people we love and magically sensing what they want.

That’s the Hallmark version, anyway. The reality, as millions of us are remembering this holiday season, is that giving gifts is hard work, and this yearly process can feel like a series of taxing emotional tests. How well do we really know the people in our lives? How perceptive and creative are we? How harshly will we be judged if we get it wrong?

Instead of wallowing in self-doubt, it’s worth realizing that we’re not crazy to find gift-giving difficult: As social interactions go, it’s deeply complex and has long been a topic of fascination for experts on human behavior. From developmental psychologists who have looked at gift-giving among babies, to hyper-rational economists who have wondered why we don’t all just give each other money instead of presents, researchers from across the social sciences have zeroed in on the ritual of gift exchange as a window into what we think, feel and want. Collectively, their work has produced insights that cast an analytical — and helpful — light on the trials of our yearly quest to delight our families and friends.

Sure, it may run counter to the spirit of the holidays to think about gift-giving in such a calculating manner. But by treating the holidays as a series of solvable problems, we can, perhaps, get better at it. So this holiday season, give yourself a break: Use the following advice to treat gift-giving not as an art, but as a science.

An experience you can wrap

cool

For a lot of us, doing stuff is more fun than having stuff: A study from 2003 conducted by Leaf Van Boven, a psychologist at the University of Colorado-Boulder, showed that people who spend their money on experiences end up happier with their purchases than those who spend it on material possessions. According to Van Boven, this extends to gift-giving. Paying for your spouse to visit a massage parlor, or treating your family to a beach getaway, is likely to create more happiness in the long run than a physical gift.

But Van Boven acknowledges that such intangible gifts have their downsides, particularly at the moment they’re being presented. Unwrapping gifts and opening boxes is a huge part of the fun. “When you deviate from that, it’s really disruptive — it feels like something is not quite right,” said Van Boven.

The solution? What Van Boven has done in his own life, he said, is spend the big money on experiences — say, a ski vacation — and supplement them with related material objects, like hand warmers. That way, recipients have a thing to open in addition to an activity to anticipate.

Best part’s the box

Getting presents for children — whether your own or someone else’s — involves a tangle of complications, starting with the fact that what looks like fun to an adult often doesn’t look that way to a kid. But there’s even more to think about than that when it comes to kids: what’s good for their mental and social development, what will expand their horizons, what will prove entertaining to them for weeks or months instead of minutes.

Alison Gopnik, a developmental psychologist at the University of California, Berkeley and the author of The Philosophical Baby, has found that when it comes to young children especially, the most important property to look for in a gift is that it lends itself to pretend-play. Such gifts, Gopnik said, develop children’s ability to engage in counter-factual thinking — to imagine “ways the world could be other than the way it is.”

Blocks and dolls are good in this respect, according to Gopnik, while some toys that are explicitly designed to be educational — a talking microscope, for instance, that recites facts — are not.

A good gift doesn’t even have to be that labor-intensive. In fact, according to Gopnik, one of the best things you can do when you give a kid a gift is not throw away the box it came in. “Boxes end up being a fantastic toy,” she said. “You can turn it into a boat, you can turn it into a house, you can ride in it — there’s very good play value in a cardboard box.”

Don’t shop all at once

You may feel tempted to get your gift-buying out of the way all in one go. Certainly, it saves time. But that may be exactly the wrong way to play it. Ravi Dhar, a professor at the Yale School of Management and director of the Center for Customer Insights there, has studied something he calls “spending momentum,” a phenomenon that makes it easier to spend money once you’ve already spent a bunch of it. That means that if you’re buying gifts for 10 people in the space of a few hours, you’re more likely to spend more than you would otherwise be inclined to.

“To fight momentum,” Dhar said, “separate it out.” One smart way to do this, he said, is to divide up your list based on the sorts of people you’re buying gifts for, and how much you want to spend on them. In other words, don’t buy gifts for your acquaintances at work right after you’ve bought a bunch of expensive presents for your immediate family. “You end up overspending because the amounts look relatively small compared to the other gifts that you’re buying for people. Suddenly, it seems OK to spend $50.”

Hold back on the wrapping

Perhaps image most associated with gift-giving is the shining, beautifully wrapped box being giddily torn open by a recipient who can’t wait to find out what’s inside. On the face of it, gorgeous gift presentation seems to imply that the contents will be of equally high quality. But this can backfire: Studies have shown that if you want your gifts to leave your loved ones satisfied, you’re better off giving them in a plain, understated package.

“What we find is that fancy wrapping can often be counterproductive,” said Yale’s Dhar, who oversaw the studies with his colleague Nathan Novemsky. “Typically, when people open the fancier wrapping, they feel a little bit disappointed.” Instead, he said, the goal should be to manage expectations: Wrap presents in a way that prevents people from fantasizing too much about what they’re going to get.

But what about you?

Though most of us hesitate to admit it, one of the best parts about giving gifts at the holidays is getting a bunch in return. But how do you maximize your chances of getting what you want? Some research simply underscores the value of straight shooting: The most effective way to end up with presents you’re happy with is to just tell people exactly what they should get you.

But if being specific is not an option, and what you want is to generically increase your holiday haul, consider the work of Stephen Leider, a professor of operations and management science at the University of Michigan Ross School of Business. Leider has found that one reliable way to get better and more valuable presents from others is to deliberately give presents to people with whom we share a lot of friends. The more “dense” the social connection between two individuals, Leider said, the more obligated they feel to do right by each other by reciprocating. “The consequences if you don’t return a favor are bigger the more friends we have in common,” he said.

Thinking about gift-giving so strategically will no doubt strike many as repugnant. But the fact is that human nature doesn’t go away just because we’re trying to be extra nice to one another during the holidays. Giving gifts, in this context, is a delicate and predictable dance. We might as well know the right steps.

Leon Neyfakh is a staff writer for The Boston Globe, where a longer version of this essay first appeared. His email address is lneyfakh@globe.com.

問題受領は3月27日　通例この時期には国公立大学の問題を解いているはずですが，まだ，国立の問題が来ず。問題も毎週というわけでもなかったので，なんか手違いがあるのかな～，という感じ。

【九州産業大】

Which stores are the most well-known around the world? Most people would probably say American stores such as McDonald's, Starbucks or Subway. But the company with the most stores in the world is Seven & i Holdings, better known as 7-Eleven. This company is not an American company, but a Japanese one. 7-Eleven has a long and interesting history that began in the United States, far from Japan.
The company began in 1927. John Green opened a small shop to sell milk, eggs and bread in front of the Southland Ice Company in Dallas, Texas. Joe Thompson, a worker at that ice company, noticed that Green's shop was more successful than the others nearby. Green used ice from the ice company to keep the food he sold cooler and fresher than stores that had no ice or refrigerators.
Soon Joe Thompson bought John Green's shop and the ice company. He named the new company Southland Corporation. Within a year he had also opened several new stores in the city. In 1928, the name of the stores was changed to attract more customers.
In 1946 the name of the stores was changed again. This time they chose the name 7-Eleven because of the stores' 7 a.m. to 11 p.m. opening hours. These hours were very unusual at that time. The stores were popular, and by 1952 there were about a hundred 7-Eleven stores in America. In 1962 7-Eleven stores began staying open 24 hours a day. In 1969, 7-Eleven opened a store in Calgary, Canada. This was the first store outside of the U.S.A. In 1974, its first store in Asia was opened in Tokyo, and more stores followed in many other countries.
By 1991 7-Eleven was more successful in Japan than in the United States. The Japanese company managing 7-Eleven in Japan then bought the American parent company and later named it Seven & i Holdings. Now there are almost twice as many 7-Eleven stores in Japan as in the United States, but many people still think 7-Eleven is an American company.
(342 words)

国立大学の問題が到着せずに1ヶ月経過。いくらなんでもおかしいとおもい問合わせたところ，リストから漏れていたとのこと。これまで国立大学も4校ぐらいは平均して担当していたので，ちょっとショック。大体のサイクルは　私立（１校ぐらい骨のある大学）→国立（１校ぐらい骨のある大学）→私立・公立（問題の入手が遅れた大学）といった感じで，これまでやってきました。今年は異例中の異例で，国立の問題と格闘することなく４月の中旬を迎えました。卒業生も出て，３年の副担生活。結構，時間が取れたのですが，この間，ボ～としてしまいました。

【宮崎・前期】

People are all the time asking me one question: "How do you always manage to be so cheerful?"
Of course I do not always feel cheerful. If I did, I would be what you call "happy-go-lucky." But immediately when I sense an audience responding to the delight I am trying to give out, I feel delight coming back to me. Oft is like a *boomerang—a blessed boomerang.
This works not only for the performer. It is Oa good game anybody can play. A man goes to Ms office. He is ill-tempered, and greets his secretary in an unfriendly way. She may have awakened in good spirits, but right away the ugliness is *contagious. Or, in reverse, he comes in whistling. Maybe he has picked a flower from Ms garden for his buttonhole as he hurried to catch Ms train. He extends a merry greeting to his secretary, and it boomerangs: now the whole office brightens.
There are targets everywhere. Just take aim and let go with good cheer.
I like to try it out on bus drivers in big cities. They often are worried. People ask them long and involved questions, usually about how to get some place in the opposite direction. So when I board a bus, I give the bus driver a greeting. One time it did not work. I was not in a good mood. My approach, or rather my aim, was poor. The driver *snarled, whether in pain or indifference I do not know. Then I transferred to another bus. This time I threw out the greeting with urgency and determination. My greeting was returned wrapped in a pleasant smile. I got off that bus revived.
The business of getting back something for what you give appeals to my practical French nature, especially when the "something' benefits you so much. It is what they call in business a high rate of return.
So, Happy Hunting—or perhaps I should say Happy Boomeranging!
Adapted from William L Nichols (ere, The Best of Words to Live By(1969)

   The practical problems of ecology are all concerned with changes.  Earthquakes, moving glaciers, years of *drought and years of flood, volcanoes and building projects all cause ecological changes.   The practical concern with ecology is based on the real  possibility that we are disturbing the world in dangerous ways and that our understanding and knowledge are inadequate.  So we could cause unrecoverable damage without even noticing until it is too late.

    Ecological changes by humans go beyond killing or not killing other kinds of animals.  For centuries cities smelled of horse droppings, sewage, spoiled vegetables, and more recently coal, gas, and kerosene.  It was presumably less healthy than  clean-smelling air.  However, the belief in damages to health from foul odors is ancient.  During the last half of the twentieth century, horses and wagons disappeared and this change removed many of the odors from the streets of most American cities, but the odor of gasoline and diesel fuel remains.

    Ecological changes can be very local.  Because of the building of roads and houses during my lifetime, many of the places I explored as a child are gone or inaccessible.  Wildflowers that were common are now rare and unpickable.  Fishing is not what it was—and old time fishermen have had the same complaint.  Hunters, who appreciate the past as much as fishermen, find that game has become scarce.

    Not everything is changing, and not all changes are unfavorable.  Sometimes surprising organisms persist in unlikely places.  Cacti are associated with warm deserts, but there is a population of prickly pear cactus plants growing near my house on Long Island.  For more than thirty-five years they have not increased, but neither have they disappeared.

    It is important to understand the different meanings of changes in ecology.  Some changes seem good to some people.  Other changes do not.  It is equally important to understand the processes that resist change.  Some of us want to drain wetlands to avoid mosquitoes and create real estate, while others wear insect repellant and enjoy the many kinds of organisms found in wetlands.

    What changes can be influenced by human activity? To successfully oppose or promote specific changes in nature, there must be an understanding of how nature works.  There must also be legal and political mechanisms in place and working in your favor.

    Concern with ecology is necessary.  It is not a temporary fashion.  We can and do change the properties of nature, although the mechanisms of ecology do not change, just as the laws of chemistry and physics do not change .

      If we completely fail to solve ecological problems, it will involve the deaths of people as well as other kinds of organisms.  Probably the major practical ecological problems will be only partially solved because of deficiencies in science, technology, and most particularly vision.  This does not excuse us from attempting to solve them.

 (463 words)

国立大学の担当がまだ，終わっていないことが判明。急遽担当しました。九州の国立大学の問題は四国と並んで穏当。高校の定期考査の延長線上にあるような問題なので，気分は比較的楽。出典がちょっとふるいのが気になりました。だからといって，「悪い！」というわけではありませんが～

【金沢医科】

Chemistry is the study of matter and energy and the interactions between them. This is an extremely broad and inclusive 9 J , but quite an accurate one. There is no aspect of the description of the material universe which does not donond on chemical conceots. both ?practical and theoretical.
Although chemistry is as old as the history of humankind, it remained a speculative and somewhat mysterious art until about 300 years ago. ( C)) At that time it became clear that matter comes in many different forms and kinds. ( ) Therefore, some kind of classification was needed, if only to organize data. C) 1There was red matter and white matter, liquid matter and solid matter, but it did not take long to realize that such broad qualitative descriptions, although important, were not sufficient to differentiate one kind of matter from another. ( C) It was found that these properties could be separated into two basic classes: physical and chemical. ( © Changes in physical properties involve only changes in form or appearance of a substance; its fundamental nature remains the same. © For example, the freezing of water involves only its conversion from liquid to solid. The fact that its fundamental nature remains the same is easily demonstrated by melting the ice. By passing an electric current through water, however, two new substances are created: hydrogen and oxygen. The fundamental nature of water is changed; it is 10 water, but has been transformed into new substances through chemical change.

Without knowing anything about the fundamental nature of matter, chemists were also able to establish that matter could be separated into simpler and simpler substances through physical separation methods and through chemical reactivity. They developed methods for measuring physical properties such as density, hardness, color, physical state, and melting and boiling points to help (z)them decide when these operations could no longer change the nature of the substance. From these considerations, another classification scheme (?;emerged, based on composition. In this scheme, matter is divided into two general classes: pure substances and mixtures.
There are two kinds of pure substances: elements and compounds. An element is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods; nor can it be created by combining simpler substances. All the matter in the universe is composed of one or more of these fundamental substances. When elements are combined, they form compounds—substances having definite, fixed proportions of the combined elements with none of the properties of the individual elements, but with their own unique set of new physical and chemical properties.
11 the unique properties of compounds, the properties of mixtures are variable and depend on composition. An example is sugar in water. The most recognizable property of this mixture is its sweetness, which varies depending on its composition (the amount of sugar dissolved in the water). A mixture is then composed of at least two pure substances. In addition, there are two kinds of mixtures. Homogeneous* mixtures, or solutions, are visually 12 throughout the sample. Heterogeneous* mixtures reveal visual differences throughout the sample (pepper and salt, sand and water, whole blood).

大問３

Driving is one of the most momentous steps that a teenager will take toward personal independence. Being able to drive 18 mobility, the gratification of not having to rely on parents or friends for a ride, and a definite sense of prestige. Like every other new freedom that beckons the adolescent moving toward adulthood, there are a number of risks and responsibilities that must be acknowledged and addressed. Because of the safety issues that waccompanv taking the wheel for the first time. new drivers and their parents should prepare for this next phase of life with the utmost diligence.
The fact that automobile insurance rates are greatly increased for adolescent drivers, especially for males, is no accident. Motor-vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death of young people ages fifteen through twenty, killing more than five thousand youths in America each year. Even though this age group comprises less than 7 percent of the driving population, it accounts for 14 percent of vehicle-related deaths. Over the past decade, over sixty-eight thousand teens have
[ tb Inexperience is a major risk factor for teens involved in accidents. Driving is, after all, an amazingly complex task. New drivers must learn to control their vehicle and its speed, while at the same time detecting and responding to dangerous driving conditions and emergency situations. The vast majority of teens are not lacking in the motor skills and coordination necessary to be an excellent driver. Indeed, they are probably better equipped than their parents. But what isn't fully developed is their judgment, decision-making ability, or a healthy respect for the unexpected, and their own
Indeed, an important factor ()contributing to accidents involving teens is their willingness to engage in risky behaviors. Speeding is a factor in about 30 percent of all traffic deaths, and putting pedal to the metal* is a major temptation for teenage drivers, especially males. Alcohol is involved in more than a third of all traffic deaths for young people ages sixteen through twenty. One survey found that at least 12 percent of high school students reported driving after drinking (?)alcohol, and more than 30 percent of teens plu with a driver who had been drinking.
Teenagers love to hang out and drive around with their friends, but for a sixteen-year-old driver having one other passenger in the car increases the chance of being killed by 39 percent. If there are two riders, the likelihood of a fatal accident is 86 percent greater, and for three or more passengers it is 282 percent higher than if that teenager is driving solo (or with a parent). Eighteen percent of high school students report that they never or hardly ever use a safety belt when riding in a car driven by someone else. [
After reading such discouraging information, some parents may vow never to let their children sit behind the wheel of a car until they are in their twenties and living on their own. Aside from being unrealistic, such a mind-set is counterproductive* and 20 to teens who really want to learn to drive safely. A more constructive outlook is to view the adolescent years as a time when adults can teach safe driving habits and tffinfluence a young driver's behavior for life, passing on skills and knowledge that will perhaps save lives many years in the future. Becoming an expert driver requires years of experience, and overseeing the first few years of that experience is a wonderful, though at times very stressful, ptivilptre
As a parent you can pass on a wealth of driving wisdom in many ways. [ 5 1 Their learning to drive may be stressful for you, but it's much more so for them. Second, as with other behaviors they want their children to adopt, parents must model safe driving habits; children will imitate their parents. Also, parents should not only learn the traffic laws but also be prepared to additional limits and expectations based on their adolescents' attitude and skill.
Always require your children to fasten their seatbelt before the engine is started, whether driving or riding. Your children should never drive if they are drowsy. Additionally, while there are many good reasons for them to abstain from alcohol and drugs, make sure they understand that drinking kills thousands of people every year, many of them teens. [ ) And no matter how strongly you might feel about the use of alcohol, let your children know that they can always call you for a ride in order to avoid being in a car with a drunk driver—whether themselves or someone else.
Unfortunately, no matter how calmly and rationally you explain the conditions you are placing on your children, they may see these restrictions as unreasonable. If they protest against your limitations, stand your ground. And if you see unsafe driving patterns or habits that your children refuse to correct, don't let them have the keys. The first commandment for potential drivers to learn is that driving is a privilege, not a right. Your first priority is to keep them and others on the road alive and well 22 they learn to operate an automobile safely and skillfully.

大問4

It is probably possible to lead an inactive life and still experience healthy aging, but it isn't likely. Maintenance of physical activity throughout life and successful aging go hand in hand; this was one of the strongest correlations found in the MacArthur Foundation's Study of Aging in America, I. 29 reported in 1998 in the book Successful Aging. Almost all of the healthy seniors I know were physically active throughout life, and many of them still are. They walk, dance, play golf, swim, lift weights, and do yoga. Some of them are more engaged in physical activity than their middle-aged counterparts.
In Japan, which still boasts the world's highest (7)loneevity at an average of almost eighty years, not only are numbers of centenarians* increasing but so are the numbers of "super seniors," extraordinarily fit old persons. Here is a description of one
As dawn breaks over the world's largest metropolis, Keizo Miura, a powerfully built centenarian, is already dressed in his charcoal gray tracksuit and ready to run. Before a healthy breakfast of seaweed and eggs, Miura races through his indoor exercises. He winces* as his neck, still tender from a collarbone* injury, momentarily reminds him that he was born in 1904. The man who has become a role model in graying Japan* ignores the pain the way he did last year when he skied down Europe's Mont Blanc at age ninety-nine. In no time, he is out the front door for his daily two-mile power walk. "I still feel good," said Miura, who in 1981 became the oldest man to climb Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's tallest peak, and is training for an expedition to the Italian Alps next year. "There's really nothing so amazing about rne...but my son, now he is amazing." That would be Yuichiro Miura, seventy-two, who in May 2003 became the oldest man to climb the summit of Mount Everest.

I could 30 with accounts of old people who are setting records and astonishing the rest of us with their physical achievements, people in their eighties and nineties still lifting weights, surfing, competing in triathlons, and otherwise showing us that the human body can keep going in ways our ancestors 31 able to imagine. As friends and acquaintances learned that I was writing on healthy aging, they invited me to meet American super seniors and watch them doing power yoga, dance marathons, and other (4) extraordinary achievements.
All of this is inspiring and of special interest to anti-aging enthusiasts, but it is secondary to what I have to tell you now. I am concerned with ordinary life and with 32 all of us need to know about physical activity and aging, even if we are not planning to climb mountains. In traditional cultures, ; (;-)[ I. For example, the healthy old people I met in Okinawa had not run marathons; they worked the soil by hand, chopped wood, carried water,
The human body is designed for this kind of regular and varied use. Modern life often hinders that purpose, forcing too many of us to spend most of our days sitting at desks and getting around in cars. We have to get our physical activity by taking periods of exercise, which is often not varied. This is regrettable, but that's the way it is. Given the limitations of modern life, how can we fulfill the body's requirement for the physical activity cs;)it needs in order to age gracefully? To do so, a person needs to understand both the benefits and the risks of physical activity.

届いたのは５月の連休明け。単科大学，特に医学部にあることですが，題材はいいのに，問題は穴埋めと並べ替えだけ。そんなら，単独の問題にすればいいのに，という感じ。今回はもう５月ということもあり，他にやることもあったので，いつものなら全訳をして，その後，タイトル，100字要約，そして，問題の解説，という手順で執筆しますが，全訳を省略。実は英文もテキスト変換してありませんでした。こうすれば，２，３時間で解答可能。ただ，あまり自分のためにはなりません。全訳すると細かいところまで目が行き，それを解決することが学習の一環。概要を捕らえるだけなら，当然全訳はいりませんが，全訳は英文とおつきあいする時間でもあります。いずれにしろ，英文に対して，問題の形式などがちょっと～という感じでした。

【埼玉・前期】

 You can find wild dogs everywhere in  Istanbul':  between parked cars or under the chairs in front of street cafes. Often they just lie there and sleep. Most people don't seem bothered by them, but it's obvious that some, a little uncertain, take pains to avoid them. But they are not to  be made fun of because of that.

   The dogs' presence in Istanbul is not entirely without  problemS.  .Some  of the animals are said to be so smart they understand traffic lights, but more often they cross streets in front of terrified drivers, keep residents awake with their  harking, or even attack someone. In fact, I have myself observed an incident where a young man was chased by two dogs. He fell to the ground and dragged himself into a store. It was painful to watch, but it all happened so quickly that one couldn't really ( A  ); besides, how would one disperse the dogs without any adequate stick or tool? I don't know what exactly preceded the incident, or why the dogs had attacked the man in the first place. These attacks, however, happen far less often than one might expect, considering the dogs' constant presence. No reliable count exists, but according to estimates, the dogs number about a hundred thousand. When you come to Istanbul, you will  See that this  doesn't sound beyond the realms of possibility.

   The dogs' position is a strange one: They are used to having people around, and even depend on them, but they don't live directly together with humans. Behavioral scientist Konrad Lorenz, who once wrote about Istanbul's stray dogs, observed that they carefully avoid small hens and infant sheep — a lesson they learned in order to survive. Instead, they feed themselves in two ways. First, residents often put their rubbish bags out in front of their houses, where dogs and cats get to them before rubbish trucks can carry away the  remaining piles in the early morning. But more and more metal rubbish cans  are popping up, and their content is not accessible, at least for clogs. Second,  many people follow a custom, unfamiliar to Western observers, of more or less adopting a dog and regularly feeding it, without bringing it into their homes.  Animals in these relationships are not complete pets, but they are not complete (5)  strays either. In any case, their "owners" never take them for walks. This  reluctance to take in the animals can't really be ( B ) to the size of the  apartments; in a society where the single lifestyle is practically unknown,  almost all residences are designed for families, and rarely measure less than  80 square meters. So what is the reason?

   In Turkey, relationships with dogs are complex. The strictly religious people do not consider dogs to  he clean. People don't let the animals into their homes because they could dirty the prayer rug and because, even today, little tradition exists of keeping dogs as pets. Furthermore, a common belief holds that dogs prevent angels from visiting. Not all people in Turkey share these views. In parts of Istanbul influenced by the West, all sorts of pure breeds of dogs can be found. In these cases, dogs are highly desirable status symbols, and many stores sell pet supplies. However, problems with religious neighbors disturbed by the presence of dogs can arise.

   Accounts of travelers rarely fail to mention the dogs. In the 17th century,  (6)  jean de  Thevenot, a traveler and writer from France, noted that rich citizens of Istanbul handed down their fortunes to the city's dogs to ensure their                                              (7) continued presence. Edmondo De Amicis, an Italian traveler whose book Constantinople records his impressions of the city in the  mid-19th century, went (  C ) to describe Istanbul as a "giant  kennel'." And Grigor Yakob Basmajean, a  Turkish' scholar and writer, claimed in 1890 that no other city in the world had as many dogs as Istanbul. The dogs were so  omnipresent' that  streetcar' employees had to drive them from the tracks with long sticks o the horse-drawn wagons could pass through.

   Dealings with dogs were always marked by mixed feelings and opposing  ideas.. Although dogs formed part of a romantic landscape, cartoons from long ago depict them as threats to be stopped, along with disease, crime, and women in European clothing. Again and again, attempts were made to catch them and remove them from the city. In the late 19th century, Sultan  Abdiilaziz" decreed that the dogs should be rounded up and exiled to  HayirSiz, an island in the Marmara  Sea'. Sivriada, a tiny island to which powerful • rulers once banned criminals, made headlines in 1911 when the governor of Istanbul released tens of thousands of clogs there. An old yellow postcard shows hundreds of dogs on the beach; their voices could be heard even  at great distances. However, an earthquake that occurred shortly thereafter was taken as a sign of God's anger, and the dogs were brought back.

   Attempts to stem the plague of dogs in the city continued. Their presence was always seen as a sign that the city could not impose order and guarantee the safety of residents. Cities like New York and Paris, where the problem was under control, became role  models. Shortly after the revolution in Turkey, Mary Mills Patrick, an American who taught at Istanbul's Women's College, thanked the new Turkish regime for its efforts in this area; after all, a civil and sophisticated city was no place for packs of dogs. But even in the decades that followed, the dogs never completely disappeared. Occasional efforts to eliminate them were seen as acts of extreme cruelty. Until 2004, when a law to protect the animals was finally passed, meat containing  strychnine" was common. But today such cruel measures are things of the past.

   Real change will only come once new solutions to the city's rubbish problem are found and waste is no longer simply placed on the curb. Then things will be tough for the dogs. Animal protection activists today call for a vigorous effort to catch the dogs,  vaccinate" them against  rabies',  sterilize' them, and tag them before releasing them back into their territory.　 The World Health  Organization' also recommends this strategy. But gray areas exist in how authorities deal with the problem.    The city today is also full of stray cats. They have it better  —  nobody is out to kill them. But that's another chapter in the story of humans and animals in Istanbul.　（1084　words）

大問２

   We tend to assume that people's preferences are stable.  Advertisers', for instance, look to promote particular products to matching market segments. They don't place beer ads in church newsletters. Financial advisors don't recommend high-risk stock opportunities to librarians. Personnel managers  don't place artistic types in the accounting department. Beneath all of this, there is the assumption that a given ( A ), investor or job applicant will be the same tomorrow as today, the same in an hour as now, and the same in another building as in this one.

-    But what if each one of us is really several different people?    If each of us actually has multiple people living in our heads, this has radical implications for the way we think about behavior. Instead of having just one self, we are really a collection of selves — a group of  `subselves'. Like different personalities, each of your subselves has peculiar characteristics and preferences. And each comes out only when you are in a particular situation. At any one time, only one  subself is in charge, which is the current you at that moment. If we are a combination of subselves, this suggests that even ( B ) we feel like we are the same person all the time, we might actually change who we are depending on where we are, what we're doing, and  who else is around. To see how this might work, let's take a close look at a study showing how the same person will respond very differently to an advertisement, depending  on which subself is currently in the driver's seat.

•  PRIMED' FOR PERSUASION

   Before proceeding with our program, we'd like to take a moment for a brief word from our  sponsor  —the Nouvelle Breton Cafe. The Nouvelle Breton provides a completely unique experience, as noted  by a reviewer for the Los Angeles Times: "It is truly a one-of-a-kind place that has yet to be discovered by others." Gina Polizzi from Pacific Food News calls it "a unique place off the beaten path." If you're looking for a great dining experience different from any other, look no further than the Nouvelle Breton  Cafe.

   Given that description, would you go out of your way to dine at the Nouvelle Breton Cafe?

   What if you'd instead seen an ad emphasizing that this cafe was the most popular restaurant in the area, noting that over 1 million people have eaten there, and stating that "if you want to know why everyone gathers here for a great dining experience, come join them at the Nouvelle Breton Cafe."

   Here's a more general question for  your inner marketing consultant: Which of the two ads do you  think would be more effective, the first or the second? If you considered this question from a traditional marketing perspective, you might guess that  the answer would depend on the type of person  seeing the ad. One type of  person  —the conforming, yes-man  sort— might be attracted to going where millions have gone before, eagerly following the masses. But another type of person the  creative, independent sort — might be turned off by  conformity", preferring something unique and original. Different people are, well, different. Some people have one set of preferences,   C ) others have another.

    We initially tested this idea by asking people to view advertisements  promoting products ranging  from, restaurants and  museums to the city of Las  Vegas. Before anyone saw the ads, however, we first activated one of two  different subselves inside people's heads. The idea was to put people in a  situation they might experience when watching television. Ads on TV don't  just appear at random; they pop up during particular programs, perhaps a  happy romantic comedy or a frightening police crime  drama. The type of program a person is watching might naturally bring out one of his or her different subselves. Is it possible that the you watching a romantic comedy depicting the adventures of a young couple as they fall in love might be different from the you watching a horror film depicting violent killers among us? If so, these two yous might have entirely different responses to the exact same marketing appeal.

   To test this possibility, some people in the study viewed a clip from a  hair-raising movie in which a man goes crazy and chases his family members around an isolated and deserted hotel with an ax. A few minutes into the clip, at an especially  scary" moment, we went to commercial, showing people several ads. Some of the ads included a message informing viewers about the popularity and high demand for each product. Other times, people saw the same ads, but the ads didn't mention anything about popularity or high demand.

   When people viewed the ads in between segments of a scary program, they found the products more attractive when the ad emphasized the product's popularity. Adding the message "visited by over a million people a year" to a museum ad, for example, boosted people's desire to visit that museum. People became especially accepting of messages about following the crowd after watching a  scary movie clip. Like  buffalo' in the presence of a lion, people who are feeling threatened want to be part of a larger group.

   In fact, the people who had been viewing the scary film weren't simply drawn to follow the masses; they actively avoided products and experiences that would make them stand out from the crowd. When people watched a scary movie, then, they were attracted to products that were common and popular and avoided those that were different and unique.

• But  people's preferences changed significantly if they instead watched a romantic  movie. Before seeing the same commercials, a second group of people watched a clip from a romantic film which portrays an attractive man and woman  falling in love as they travel by train through the most beautiful cities in Europe. This film clip brought out a very  different subself: leading viewers to experience feelings of love and attraction. The people in a romantic frame of  mild were most affected by ads that emphasized how  unique a product was. Like animals hunting for a mate, people primed for romance want to stick out from the crowd.  By contrast, including information about the product's popularity made the romance-minded subjects less interested in the product. Adding the message "visited by over a million people" made the museum seem too common and boring, leading people with a romantic mind-set to avoid the destination.

   Rather than showing that some people naturally prefer conformity while others naturally prefer to be unique, the study found that the same person will sometimes want to conform and at other times seek to be unique. When the situation brought out a person's romantic subself, he or she desired to be unique and avoided conformity. But when the situation brought out a person's wary subself, he or she now desired conformity and actively avoided  opportunitieS to  he unique. From the perspective that you have a single self  — that you have only one personality — shifting between the desire to conform and the desire to  be unique seems inconsistent*6 and even hypocritical*?. But from a multiple-subselves perspective, the behavior is logical and consistent since, in different situations, you follow the deeply rational preferences of your different subselves.　

(1215 words)

問題受領日はなんと5月27日。これまででもっとも遅い受領となりました。

２月から大学入試問題と格闘するようになって，20年以上が経ちました。研究社の徹底的研究7年。入試問題正解になって13年。すっかり，年中行事となり，あるときは花粉症に悩まされ，あるときは自分のクラスの受験や受験結果を気にしながら，また，年度末の転勤もありました。特にここ５年間は２月にディベートの大会があり，続いて３月にもディベートの大会があり，２月，３月は１年でも最も忙しい季節になってしまいました。その中で，入試問題を解き，備忘録とつけることは結構，時間的な制約もあります。近くに通勤して，ディベートの大会がなかったころは，入試問題が来るのが楽しみで，それこそ，数日間で書き終えていました。ここ４年間は長距離通勤となり，平日は入試問題を解くことが事実上困難で，指定された締め切り日に間に合わせるのがやっと。大会へ向かう車中で解いたこともありました。

かててて，２０年の歳月は確実に年齢を重ねたことにもなり，体力，集中力（特にこちらが問題），好奇心が減退。批判精神もなくなってきました。ほとんどの英文が当たり前に見えて，感動とか，新しい発見もあまりありません。そろそろ引退の時期が近づいていることを感じさせる今日この頃です。

【文化祭を控えた最後の日曜日　2015年6月21日】